Science

Science : La science (du latin scientia, « connaissance », « savoir ») est dans son sens premier « la somme des connaissances » et plus spécifiquement une entreprise systématique de construction et d’organisation des connaissances sous la forme d’explications et de prédictions testables. Elle peut être donc définie soit comme un ensemble de connaissances, soit comme une méthode.
Faisant suite à la technique au niveau de son histoire, elle se développe en Occident au travers de travaux à caractère universel basés sur des faits, une argumentation et des méthodes qui varient selon qu’elles tiennent de l’observation, l’expérience, l’hypothèse, d’une logique de déduction ou d’induction, etc. Lorsqu’on divise la science en différents domaines, ou disciplines, on parle alors de sciences au pluriel, comme dans l’opposition entre sciences, technologies, ingénierie et mathématiques et sciences humaines et sociales ou encore celle entre sciences formelles, sciences de la nature et sciences sociales.
La science a pour objet de comprendre et d’expliquer le monde et ses phénomènes au départ de la connaissance, dans le but d’en tirer des prévisions et des applications fonctionnelles. Elle se veut ouverte à la critique tant au niveau des connaissances acquises, des méthodes utilisées pour les acquérir et de l’argumentation utilisée lors de la recherche scientifique ou participative. Dans le cadre de cet exercice de perpétuelle remise en question, elle fait l’objet d’une discipline philosophique spécifique intitulée l’épistémologie. Les connaissances établies par la science sont à la base de nombreux développements techniques dont les incidences sur la société et son histoire sont parfois considérables. Science sur Wikipédia (fr) 

Science : Science is a systematic discipline that builds and organises knowledge in the form of testable hypotheses and predictions about the universe. Modern science is typically divided into two – or three – major branches: the natural sciences, which study the physical world, and the social sciences, which study individuals and societies. While referred to as the formal sciences, the study of logic, mathematics, and theoretical computer science are typically regarded as separate because they rely on deductive reasoning instead of the scientific method as their main methodology. Meanwhile, applied sciences are disciplines that use scientific knowledge for practical purposes, such as engineering and medicine.
The history of science spans the majority of the historical record, with the earliest identifiable predecessors to modern science dating to the Bronze Age in Egypt and Mesopotamia (c. 3000–1200 BCE). Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine entered and shaped the Greek natural philosophy of classical antiquity and later medieval scholarship, whereby formal attempts were made to provide explanations of events in the physical world based on natural causes; while further advances, including the introduction of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system, were made during the Golden Age of India and Islamic Golden Age.
The recovery and assimilation of Greek works and Islamic inquiries into Western Europe during the Renaissance revived natural philosophy, which was later transformed by the Scientific Revolution that began in the 16th century as new ideas and discoveries departed from previous Greek conceptions and traditions. The scientific method soon played a greater role in the acquisition of knowledge, and in the 19th century, many of the institutional and professional features of science began to take shape, along with the changing of « natural philosophy » to « natural science ».
New knowledge in science is advanced by research from scientists who are motivated by curiosity about the world and a desire to solve problems. Contemporary scientific research is often highly collaborative and is frequently carried out by teams in academic and research institutions, government agencies, and companies. At the same time, many major advances—particularly in fundamental science—have come from individual researchers and are widely recognised through major international awards such as the Nobel Prize. The practical results of scientific work have led to the emergence of science policies that seek to prioritise the responsible development of commercial products, health care, public infrastructure, environmental protection, and defense capabilities. Science sur Wikipédia (en)